Emily Dickinson s Amazing Gifts As A Poet - 1178 Words

One of Emily’s Dickinson’s amazing gifts as a poet was her ability to write her poems using rich images. She was known to be a very intense viewer and through her poetry she shows her personal feelings in topics that greatly interested her. Emily Dickinson became recognized as one of the greatest female poet in American literature after her death in 1886. Emily Dickinson personal life experiences are reflected in her poetry writings. Her poetry shows the difficulties and needs of human relationship with writing that is moving and captivating. Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst Massachusetts. She was well educated and attended the Amherst Academy. Her father was Edward Dickinson, he†¦show more content†¦She dedicated most of her time completing notebooks with poetry writing and letters to her friends. Dickinson manually bounded her booklets together by folding and sewing five to six sheets of her final version of her poems. When she wasn’t writing, she spent time caring for her sickly mother. Emily Dickinson was a middle child, her older brother was Austin and her litter sister name was Laviana. Emily and her sister did not get married nor had any children. Her brother married Susan Gilbert and Emily considered her a close friend. The few important people in her life inspired her to write poetry. One of the important people in Emily Dickinson life were Otis P. Lord, a Massachusetts Supreme Court Judge, Samuel Bowles, Editor of the Springfield Republican and Reverend Charles Wadworth Emily felt deeply in love with the minister but he was a married man. Many of her poems are believed to be dedicated to Wadsworth unreturned love towards her. In her early years of writing, Dickinson was influenced by Leonard Humphrey, Principal of Amherst Academy, and a family friend named Benjamin Franklin Newton. Newton presented Dickinson to the poetry of William Wordsworth, who also served as her inspiration and someone that she considered her closest earthly friend. Later on, Emily

Leadership Styles Between Western And Non Western Cultures

‘ What are the differences of managers’ leadership styles between the Western and Non-Western cultures ?’ 1. Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of †¦. 2. Introduction Managers in today’s world are important assets to the multicultural organisations. Leadership styles of managers are highly important in terms of managing the team of followers, which has a correlation to the productivity and results that the team would achieve in the future. By having good management, it contributes to the success of the organisation. Hence, it is vital to identify the different leadership styles especially in different cultures to suit the working environment and culture of the organization. In the present multicultural global business industry, cultural differences can come in the way of the success of project completion (Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, Umpleby , 2009) . It has been claimed that rigid leadership does not promote motivation and creativity, therefore, managers should lead by flexible leadership and be culturally sensitive, adapting to different cultures, for the team to be able to move forward and reach their goals (Anabri et al. 2009). The w ay a manager’s leadership takes place also affect’s the experience of the employees at work and the relationship between the manager and the employee. Jariya (2012, p66) states that ‘different cultures differ in the values they endorse, people from these cultures often interpret the same managerial practicesShow MoreRelatedDiversity in Western vs Eastern Transformational Leadership1342 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in 1985 on leadership in the western world which focused on western leaders and how they influenced their subordinates. What he found was that leaders across organizations shared similar attributes. He referred to this style as â€Å"transformational leadership†. Through this style, leaders â€Å"inspire followers to transcend self-interest for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers† (Robbins Judges, 2012:188). Bass discovered that cultures that used thisRead MoreIntroduction. In The Current D ynamic World, It Is Important1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the traditions of different nations and their practices. This paper compares China’s national culture with that of New Zealand, their influence on the respective corporate cultures, management structure, and strategies while also incorporating organization management theories. There is no other country where the economy has rapidly and fundamentally changed like it has in China. The national culture has changed, and managers in China today feel that they have little to learn from the West. A keyRead MoreDiversity Training And Cultural Sensitivity Training Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesmerging diverse cultures in building high performance teams across multiple countries. Global organizations are required to adapt to continuous changes in culturally diverse global business environment. Multinational leaders must become adapt to leading a culturally diverse workforce if the organization is to become transcontine ntal. Therefore, there must be an emphasis on diversity training and cultural sensitivity training across the organization, especially among members of leadership. InclusiveRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then conclude its findings Brief overview of cross-cultural communication skills Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches, meetings, telephoneRead MoreAnalysis of Three Non-Western Cultures on Diversity Leadership2780 Words   |  12 Pagesan organization. Globalization can be defined as a process by which national and regional economies, cultures and societies become integrated through a world network of trade, communications, transportation and immigration (Beck, 2000). For organisations to succeed in the increasingly competitive global stage there must be diversity leadership; a change is necessary from the traditional leadership values and norms. This is because to manage diversity is more than just acknowledging the differenceRead MoreBusiness Communication Is Different in Pakistan Compared to Western Countries! Agree/Disagree?1519 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Communication is different in Pakistan compared to western countries Communication is any behaviour, verbal or nonverbal, that is perceived by another. (Dwyer 2006) business communications are purposive interchanges of ideas, opinions, information, instructions and the like, presented personally or impersonally by symbol or signal as to attain the goods of organization. (Rosenblatt, Cheatham Watt 1992) Today, the organization is growing more complex and the business is growing larger,Read MoreChallenges Facing Female Head Teachers Phenomenological Study1537 Words   |  7 PagesTakoradi Metropolis in the Western Region of Ghana Women just as their male counterparts, have a right to actively participate in leadership in any facets of the society. In fact, they are permeating every domain of activities with assertiveness and proven competence, and making in – roads into hitherto male monopoly of executive management roles in organizations especially in the developed countries. This study will seek to gain an insight into the leadership styles adopted by female head teachersRead MoreChallenges Facing Female Head Teacher s Phenomenological Study1537 Words   |  7 PagesTakoradi Metropolis in the Western Region of Ghana Women just as their male counterparts, have a right to actively participate in leadership in any facets of the society. In fact, they are permeating every domain of activities with assertiveness and proven competence, and making in – roads into hitherto male monopoly of executive management roles in organizations especially in the developed countries. This study will seek to gain an insight into the leadership styles adopted by female head teachersRead MoreLeading A Multicultural Group. Cornelius Cash Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages Leading a Multicultural Group Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures October 5th, 2016 Leading in a Culturally Diverse Global Society As organizations become increasingly global, the success of organizations is dependent on the leader’s skills in merging diverse cultures in building high performance teams across multiple countries. Global organizations are required to adapt to continuous changes in culturally diverse global business environment. MultinationalRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1680 Words   |  7 Pagesof managers and employees finishing with consumer perceptions and stakeholder vs. shareholder views.. CSR is a highly controversial topic due to disagreements surrounding the field. Werther and Chandler (2014) defines CSR as ‘†¦ the relationship between corporations and the societies with which they interact†¦ includes the responsibilities that are inherent on both sides of these relationships†. The framework behind CSR tends to be broad with the ideas surrounding its importance changing from business

Life Changes by Thomas Rhett free essay sample

â€Å"Never in a million years would I think that people would want to hear my personal stories in a song.† According to Taylor Weatherby on billboard September 13th, 2017, every song on this album Rhett has experienced it in some way. â€Å"Life Changes† is a wonderful set of music with not only phenomenal songs but un-ordinary lyrics that go with it. The many different first hand stories in each song is what made this album go so far.In his music, each song has a different theme behind it. The beat, instruments, and lyrics fit so well together. â€Å"Life Changes,† â€Å"Marry Me,† and â€Å"Sixteen† are just a few of the songs in this amazing album. This whole album revolves around the ups and downs of Thomas Rhett’s life up until this past year. The song â€Å"Life Changes† has many stories on how he was once a normal college student and now he is living life with two daughters and a wife at home. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Changes by Thomas Rhett or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He shows how he is truly amazed by where life can take somebody. Personally, I really like this song because it shows how much one person’s world can change. Life moves so fast first school with friends, then college parties and all of sudden married with kids. That is only the beginning of many experiences he has to share in his music. When his life changes that brings many new adventures in his life, like getting married. The song â€Å"Marry Me†, is such a relaxing song with many different meanings. This song explains how there is a girl that he loves but she’s marrying another guy. The first time hearing these lyrics it sounds very sad and gloomy; something no one should have to go through. Rhett talks about how he wrote this song about his wife but puts a little twist on it.He says, â€Å" One time Lauren and I broke up and almost married other people.† From Taylor Weatherby on billboard. I really dig this song for the story behind it, even though he twists the tale it still has great lyrics to match. Thomas has many story worthy experiences that he sings about but I feel that this one fits for his crowd of fans. â€Å"Sixteen† is such an epic song because I think anyone who listens to it can relate in someway. Everyone wants to be older because it may seem better but I think that people need to take a breath and live in the moment. When I hear this song I understand exactly what he is singing about because, I feel the same way about getting to sixteen. This song is such a great hit because people of many different ages can agree with it on multiple levels. I think every song has a great beat in the background but the lyrics that go with it just top it all off. I think that just â€Å"Life Changes,† â€Å"Marry Me,† and â€Å"Sixteen† in the album could make it a record breakingalbum alone. That just shows how well written they are. I would recommend listening to the rest of them. How he stated above on how he would’ve never thought personal stories would be good in a song shows how he is such a good artist. He tried a different take for his music and it landed him number one album on billboard 200. This is only one of his amazing hit albums and many more to come.

Why I Want a Wife free essay sample

(The Story of a Politician with a God Complex) I also belong to a classification, a classification known as men. But I am not Just a commonplace man, I am a politician. People may refer to me as a senator or with an affiliation off party but I know I am something greater. What am I you may ask? I am a god. I am omniscient to the worlds suffering, able to answer every mortal problem given. At first I thought changing the world could be done in collaboration, but I thought wrong. I was naive to think that something so insignificant such as teamwork and companionship was vital to the growth of the world but I have experienced something greater. I have experienced true Justice. Companionship is overrated but I do agree in the sense that somebody needs to support you as you go around cleansing the world. After all, it is an arduous venture. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want a Wife or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I needed something the world knew as a symbol of comfort, a counterpart to reassure my very existence on this planet. An assistant or maybe a wife who could stay loyal as well as help me purify the world of corruption. In the year 2020, humans should have continued to evolve as the greatest creatures upon this earth, but we were actually regressing. A rotten world. Law, education, even politics, the very field I had pursued was corrupt. Was there anybody around who could correct this world? Someone has to do it, but not alone. If this someone who should be my benevolent assistant is a wife, they should be able to comprehend my ideology and the logic behind my ideals. I want a wife who sits with me and listens to my opinions about the world. Although she should listen, she should also suggest improvements as well. I want a wife who can support me petition-wise as well as endorse me politically. I want a wife who I can trust with secrets. There was once a wife in which was able to listen to me but not able to discuss political matters. She was insignificant to my venture and was tossed aside. I have no need for mortal women, I need a perfect wife by my side in order to help the world prosper exponentially. I want a wife who will take care of me negligently for I too despise a wife who rambles about foolish nonsense. I too want a wife who will listen to me when I explain a critical point I have come across with my divine inspiration. I also want a wife who can Jot down my brainstormed ideas. I am a superior elite, I cannot waste time recording my ideas. I have other issues to attend to. And I want a wife who can understand contemporary world issues in order to understand why I would need to take an action specifically on that issue. I also want a wife who will take care of the social aspect of my life. When I am invited to elite social gatherings, I want my wife to come. Judy Brady may want to hire a baby-sitter, but I do need one. I am a divine being. I do not need kids because they ender my objective and slow me down in purifying the world. When my associates come to my home, it is only natural that my wife should discuss matters along with us; she doesnt need to take care of household duties. She is not one of my maids; she is a divine being as well. Essentially, my wife should be my political double. One who can take care of affairs while I am gone. After all a god is omniscient, and must solve problems around the world. I have a wife but if by any chance I find a more suited wife then I already currently have, I can easily replace her. Wives can be replaceable if they are not divine because I only require a women of use. What good is a wife if she does not work towards the betterment of mankind? I had many wives in the past but at some point, they could not fulfill all of my requirements. Wives who cannot fulfill my requirements are obsolete to me because they are not divine. I only require a goddess next to me, for I am a god. When I find that wife, I can transcend my current ability. I can make the world know I am here, that somebody is going to be passing righteous Judgment on them. I will reign over the world next to my lady; after all she is a transcendent being as well. Although a wife is ideal, she is not necessary. I agree with Judy Brady; a wife is someone that can be useful to help around but I have my doubts. My ideal wife is a goddess making her capable to overthrow me. For the good of man, I must reign over the world as I see fit. Perhaps what I have been seeking is not a wife at all but somebody of other relation to me, a mortal. Who knows? Only time can tell if a wife is the right person for me.

The Breakfast Clubb essays

The Breakfast Clubb essays The dynamic process was shown between Bender and Claire when Bender told Brian to close the door so they could get the prom queen impregnated. She gave him a dirty look, and turned back around. He was expressing the action that he wanted to be done rather then the state of being. After that she told him,"Why don't you shut-up, nobody here is interested." She forced her opinion upon him that no one cares about what he say's. That is what dynamic process is all about. The second skill is inescapable communication. There are many examples of this through out the beginning of the film. Bender invades Claire's comfort zone many times, which makes her answer back. If she didn't say anything, she would at least give non-verbal cues. In one scene, Claire states that he is just doing this to get a rise out of them, and to ignore him. He starts saying things about her and Andrew. She tried ignoring him but then she answered back,"Go to Hell!" She couldn't escape from communication. The third skill is unrepeatable. This is a statement that was said by both character's, but could never be repeated again because it was good the first time it was said. Bender was telling Claire, "Well, I'll just ran right out and join the wrestling team." He was using a sarcastic tone that couldn't be quoted. That statement couldn't be said by anyone else, because that is statement of emotions by Bender. Claire answers back, "Only guy's like you knock everything." She is sarcastic and uses criticism which couldn't be repeated by anyone else, because that is her opinion about him. That was a scene using unrepeatable statements. The fourth skill is irreversible. This means that once communication is spoken it can not be uncreated. The damage is done regardless of what you say. Claire tells him, "Your a big coward." He answers back by saying all of the people involved in the school activities are a** holes. Now they have both said something to hurt each other...

Swedish Patronymics and Surnames Explained

Swedish Patronymics and Surnames Explained Until the turn of the  20th century, family surnames were not in common use in Sweden. Instead, most Swedes followed a  patronymic naming system, practiced by about  90–95% of the population.  Patronymics (from the Greek  pater, meaning  father, and  onoma, for name)  is the process of designating a surname based upon the given name of the father, thus consistently changing the family surname from one generation to the next. Using Gender Distinction In Sweden,  -son or -dotter was usually  added to the fathers given name for gender distinction. For example,  Johan Andersson would be the son of Anders (Anders’ son) and  Anna Svensdotter the daughter of Sven (Svens’ dotter). Swedish sons names are traditionally spelled with a double s- the first s is the possessive s (Nils as in Nils son) while the second is the s in son. Technically, names that already ended in s such as Nils or Anders should have three ss under this system, but that practice wasnt often followed. It is not uncommon to find Swedish emigrants dropping the extra s for practical reasons, to better assimilate into their new country. Swedish patronymic son names always end in  son, and never sen. In Denmark the regular patronymic is sen. In Norway, both are used, although sen is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in son or dotir. Adopting Nature Names During the latter-half of the 19th century, some families in Sweden began to take on an additional surname to help distinguish them from others of the same name.  The use of an extra family surname  was more common  for people who moved from the countryside into the city where long-term use of patronymics would have  resulted in dozens of individuals with the same name.  These names were often a composition of words taken from nature, sometimes called nature names.  Generally, the names were made up of two natural features, which may or may not have made sense together (e.g. Lindberg from lind for linden and berg for mountain), although sometimes a single word would make up the entire family name (e.g. Falk for falcon). Sweden passed the Names Adoption Act in December  1901, requiring all citizens to adopt heritable surnames- names that would pass down intact instead of changing every generation. Many families adopted their current surname as their hereditary family surname; a practice  often referred to as a frozen patronymic. In some cases, the family just chose a name they liked- such as a nature name, an occupational surname related to their trade, or a name they were given in the military (e.g. Trygg for confident). At this time most women who were using patronymic surnames ending in -dotter changed their surname to the male version ending in -son. One last note about patronymic surnames. If you are interested in DNA testing for genealogical purposes, a frozen patronymic does not generally go back enough generations to be useful for a Y-DNA surname project. Instead, consider a geographical project such as the Sweden DNA Project.

Titanium Metal Matrix Composites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Titanium Metal Matrix Composites - Essay Example The metals which are usually used are Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium and Copper. In case of titanium metal matrix composite the principal metal used is titanium. Hence the metal matrix composite is Titanium metal matrix composite. In the MMC the metal is the monolithic material into which the reinforcement is embedded and it is completely continuous. The reinforcement can be continuous which can be monofilament or multifilament or it can be discontinuous which can be a particle, whisker or short fiber. They have lot of applications in commercial workspace. Metal-matrix composites are either in use or prototyping for the Space Shuttle, commercial airliners, electronic substrates, bicycles, automobiles, golf clubs, and a variety of other applications. It is widely perceived that Titanium Metal Composites have lot of potential in space propulsion applications. If we look at Titanium and its alloys we can say that they have good corrosion resistance, fatigue properties, and high strength- to-weight ratios. Products differ in terms of composition, grade, shape, dimensions, and features. Commercially pure, unalloyed or very low alloy titanium does not contain or contains only very small amounts of alloying elements. By contrast, titanium alloys contain significant amounts of added elements or constituents. Clad or bimetal titanium alloys consist of two different alloys that are bonded integrally together. Metal matrix composites have a composite or reinforced metal or alloy matrix filled with a second component, which may be in particulate, chopped fiber, continuous filament, or fabric form. Other unlisted, specialty or proprietary titanium and titanium alloys are also available. These materials are often based on a unique alloy system, use a novel processing technology, or have properties tailored for specific applications. While selecting titanium and titanium alloys, we also need to check an analysis of dimensions, production processes, and performance features. Outer diameter, inner diameter, overall length, and overall thickness are important dimensions. Most materials are cast, wrought, extruded, forged, cold-finished, hot-rolled, or formed by compacting powdered metals or alloys. Performance features for titanium and titanium alloys include resistance to corrosion, heat, and wear. Ti MMCs offer provide potential advantages for structural applications, where they combine the high strength, high temperature capability, and oxidation resistance of titanium with an increase in stiffness provided by the ceramic reinforcement. Another thing is that they have the advantage of being isotropic in behavior, cheaper to manufacture and more amenable to subsequent processing and component forming operations. Of all the potential reinforcing phases for titanium which includes TiB, TiB2, SiC, Al2O3, and TiC, TiB offers the best balance of stiffness, stability, and similarity of thermal expansion coefficients. Other properties, such as the strength of metal matrix composites, depend in a much more complex manner on composite microstructure. The strength of a fiber-reinforced composite, for example, is determined by fracture processes, themselves governed by a combination of micro structural phenomena and features. These include plastic deformation of the matrix, the presence of brittle phases in the matrix, the

The Arguments for and Against the Right to Have an Abortion Assignment

The Arguments for and Against the Right to Have an Abortion - Assignment Example Roe v Wade was both seen as a victory and defeat. As the Texas law prohibiting abortion was put under debate and ended with women having the right to choose for themselves (Lively & Weaver, 2006). Because the debate over this controversial legislation has been the foundation of many platforms for politicians, the public has continued to be depressed by this conflict of ideas. There are a number of different reasons why people will come down on the side of making abortion illegal. In Texas, where the Roe v Wade controversy began, the state was justifying the restriction of abortions based on the idea that a fetus is a person and therefore the life interests had to be protected under the due process clause, which is in the 14th amendment. Justice Harry Blackmun, who wrote for the majority did not accept this promise. Although a fetus may be a life under some religious and moral codes, the majority decided that it could not be considered a fetus in a constitutional framework. Blackmun believed that the rights given under due process of the 14th amendment should be extended to women as well. And therefore this conflict came down on the side of women rather than the fetus (Hall & Clark, 2002). In 2005, the number of abortions in the United States was approximately 19.4 per 1000 women. Of that percentage, 3.2 per 1000 were given to women under the age of 15. The right to have an abortion has had a significant effect on the plight of women is not well supported in the United States in terms of providing for and giving care to children when they are left without a partner. The welfare system is not set up to help women raise children, but rather to try and get them out working in conflict with the act of raising children. One strong argument for the legalization of abortion is that the state does not provide enough support, and society has a negative attitude towards women were trying to raise children but do not have the economic  means to do so on their own.

L.L Bean Inc Paper Essay Example for Free

L.L Bean Inc Paper Essay This paper has adjusted the 5 problems that shown in this case. First paragraph is to adjust how L.L Bean uses the previous year’s demand to determine how many units of product to order. Second paragraph is to adjust how many units of item L.L Bean should purchase under the relationship between the item costs and revenues. Third paragraph is to adjust what information should Scott Sklar have in order to help him to forecast for a particular style of men’s shirt that is a new catalog item. Fourth paragraph is to adjust the method that Mark Fasold used in the case to solve the number of items purchased. Lastly, the final paragraph is to adjust the improvement that L.L Bean should do in forecast process. L.L Bean uses different determinations and calculations to forecast and decide how many units of items to stock. The first thing is using the frozen forecast, which comes from the forecasting department. Buyers, product people, and inventory buyers meet to forecast item sales by book and rank various items in terms of expected dollar sales while they assign dollars in accordance with the ranking. They have to make a judgment when there is new item added. They judge the total of forecasted item sales and check it for reality based on the book forecast by comparing the previous data. The second thing is using a calculation of A/F, which is actual demand divided to forecast demand. It helps to calculate the range of inventory that the product would be in the coming year and the frequency distribution of these errors was compiled across items. For example, assume there was a 50% forecast errors, and the new item ratio was between 0.7 and 1.6 in last year, if the frozen forecast for an item were 1000 units, so the actual demand for that item would be between 700 and 1600 units. The last thing is the calculation of profit margin. For instance, an item cost $15, and sells for $30, and the g ain of selling would be $30-15=$15. If the liquidation is sold for $10, so the loss for failing to sell the marginal unit would be $15-5= $5. These can use to calculate the optimal order size and the fractile. The fractile helps to find the units of items to be stocked, estimates the costs, and the actual order size. Therefore, L.L Bean uses frozen forecast, A/F calculation and profit margin calculation to decide the number of units to stock. Demand of the products affects the decision of how many units of inventory the company should have. Based on the demand, the company is able to forecast and predict the number of stocks to order. In addition, the cost to make items, the price to sell the items and the liquidated cost for the items should also be considered. From those concerns, the company can probably estimate the profits and the losses for selling the inventory. Under the items’ costs and revenues, L.L Bean can figure out how many units of inventory they have to purchase in order to obtain a profitable situation. Demand forecast is an activity of estimating the quantity of a product that consumers will purcha se; thus, as a buyer, Scott Sklar should create an accurate demand forecast. However, according to the article, Scott mentioned that he would gather his inventory buyer, some product people, and himself to judge the new catalog item and decide if the new catalog item generates incremental demand. If not, they would see what items were going to steal the demand, and then those items would need to be adjusted accordingly. This shows that Scott was deciding the demand forecast by the team’s personal judgment but not based on the professional forecasting data. Hence, the demand forecast that Scott made may not accurately show the real demand. If the estimation is not accurate, there may be an under-stock and over-stock which can directly affect company’s profit. Accordingly, Scott needs to generate a lot of information: potential customers, and the sales of similar item’s data of L.L Bean’s competitors. Moreover, Scott should decide who will be the potential customers of the new catalog item. He can obtain this information by reviewing the past customers’ purchasing record and generate the purchasing habit. Scott can also obtain this information by sending our e-mail to search for more potential customers. Once he obtains the list of potential customers, he should send catalog to these potential customers and determine the demand of the new item. In additional, Scott can also use the sales data of similar item from its competitors to determine the treat of the similar style items. By using all these information Scott should able to create an accurate demand forecast for the particular style of men’s shirt that is a new catalog item. The number of items purchased usually exceeds the number forecast. Mark Fasold worried about the wide dispersion in forecast errors, both for â€Å"never-out† and â€Å"new† items. By doing some calculations on the cost under-stocking and cost of over-stocking, he found that the cost of under-stocking is greater tha n the cost of over-stocking. As a result, he decided to purchase more stocks than the number of forecasting, which can minimize the lost. However, with this decision, it created other problems to the company. Thus, it is important to let Mark understand the number of forecast is closely matched with the number of needs in the reality. To do so, L.L Bean should create an accurate system to address the demand forecast with very small forecasting error. Also, they should make up a backup plan when under-stocking is happening, promotion plane. Since it is mostly impossible to perfectly match the stock with the real demand, it is essential to sell all the over-stock to minimize the lost. L.L Bean should create an effective promotion plane to sell as much over-stock as they can. In conclusion, L.L Bean can improve and adjust its forecasting process in numerous ways. Retail industry is a fast-paced, changing industry where product’s demand and preferences rapidly change. The first problem appeared with L.L Bean’s forecasting process is that they only use the past dates to predict future forecasts. They should instead constantly update their forecasts system based on latest data that gained from market research or resources, in order to determine a more accurate approach. Also, the major catalogs L.L Bean introduces in each spring, summer, fall, and Christmas can be attached optional questionnaires. By doing this, they can have a better way to predict demand, and a better insight into consumer behavior in general. Nevertheless, appropriate adjustment can be made while they capture customers’ preferences and how customer rank L.L Bean â€Å"new† in comparison to â€Å"never out†. Lastly, in this case, L.L Bean can work close with suppliers so that they can be able to complete more â€Å"quick responses† and address the customers’ demand. They need to establish close relationships with the suppliers or reduce dependence on foreign vendors to generate a quicker supply.

A Cup of Coffee :: essays research papers

The loud beeping of the alarm rudely interrupts a fitful night of sleep. The thought of reaching an arm out from under the warm covers to turn the alarm off seems like a bad idea. Out of bed, rise and shine! It is a new beginning to another day. The thought of leaving the warm bed still seems like a bad idea. Just a few more minutes sleep is what is wanted. Peace and quiet still abound as the other family members are still asleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wafting through the air, the enticing smell of hazelnut coffee tickles the nose with its sweet aromatic essence. It is the breaking point at which gives strength and motivation for leaving the warmth of the covers. Upon entering the kitchen the sounds of the coffee maker proclaims it’s promise to satisfy as it pop, pop, hisses and the aroma of the coffee caresses your nose and tickles your senses. With the coffee pot in view, the step quickens in order to reach the cabinet and get a big coffee mug. With a little bit of sugar to sweeten the coffees already sweet hazelnut flavor, the coffee pot proclaims that its job is done with a final pop and hiss. Pouring the hot black liquid into the mug watching as the sugar melts and becomes one with the coffee, a taste is taken, deciding that a little more sweetness is desired, a little more sugar is added, and upon second taste the senses explode in the mouth as the tongue declares, â€Å"it is good!† Taking t he cup to the table to drink the drink of life and ponder the days events as they might unfold, realizing that they probably won’t unfold as one would wish and that if they did life would not be as adventurous, thus brining your thoughts back to present and watching the birds as they to waken and begin feeding themselves at the feeder filled the day before. Holding the coffee mug as its warmth transfers to both hands, taking another drink and realizing that it is time for a refill, because one cup just isn’t enough.

Guiding principle for assessment of student learning Essay

Evaluation should bebased on clearly stated objectives. An objective is defined as the statement of the expected behaviors that the student should display after instruction or teaching. These objectives serve as basis for constructing and using assessment instruments to assess students’ learning. The expected behaviors are somehow related to either of the following, but not limited to: 1) knowledge; 2) reasoning; 3) skills; 4) products; or, 5) affects. Knowledge – refers to the cognitive activities which include memorizing, recalling of facts, understanding of concepts and meanings, analysing the relationships of related facts, synthesizing or related facts and principles, and evaluating the outcomes of the relationships of concepts and principles. Reasoning – is a behavior which refers to the cognitive activities which require the use of presentation, justification, and rationalization of the existence of facts, concepts, theories, and principles. Skills – defined as the ability to use once knowledge effectively and readily in the execution of performance of a specific task. This requires three elements in the skill: 1) sensing; 2) precision (accuracy); and, 3) timing. Products – refers to psychomotor activities that show the end result of using the abilities to manipulate, apply, and operate facts, concepts and principles in real-life situations. Affects – refers to the activities that show values, morals, ethics, ideals, and standards in life. B. The Principle of Appropriateness of Assessment Evaluation procedures and techniques should be selected in terms of the clearly stated objectives (Gronlund, 1981).There are various formats of assessment instruments from which the teacher can choose for classroom use. The suggested general formats are the following: Objective test – are those that require one and only one correct answer and no possible answers. Reganit, et al.(2004) posits that an objective test is made up of items for which correct responses maybe set up in advance. There are different types of objective test item formats, these are: 1) supply type; 2) matching type; 3) alternate-response type; 4) labelling; 5) enumeration; and, 6) multiple choice. Subjective test – res are evaluated by giving an opinion about the issue, concepts, ideas, and the like. In an English class, a test for the assessment of students’ writing skills are often considered as subjective because it require the teacher to rate a piece of work based on his/her personal interpretation. The raters can assign the corresponding points depending upon the quality of the piece of writing output. Performance test – when the objective of the lesson requires that at the end of the lesson the student are required to perform in an activity, the appropriate test to measure the achievement of this objective is a performance test. Oral Reasoning– when the instructional objective states that â€Å" at the end of the lesson the pupils orally defend their stand on the issue,† then an oral reasoning test is appropriate. Observation – Reed and Bergmann (2001) observation is one effective means of learning†¦how students response to classroom environment. This assessment method can be done by the teacher, co-student, or even parents. Self – Reports – students may be required to write personal opinions, journals, and reflection about a learning activity.Fromthese self-made reports, the teachers evaluate whether or not these students have learn the concepts taught in the classroom.

Reflection on the Character of Luke Skywalker Essay

Luke Skywalker’s character is a classic example of man’s constant battle of good and evil—not to be simply put as the battle of the good versus the evil—but the choice to be good or evil. He outwardly struggles to find his place and role in the society even as he struggles inwardly to understand his own nature. As Yoda and Obi-Wan explained to him, Luke must confront and go beyond the dark side to be a Jedi. He is confronted with facing Darth Vader, who he has just learned to be Anakin Skywalker—his father, and in whom Luke believes still has good in him and who he says he could not kill. He was also confronted with troubles that has shaped him into the peson he chose to be. Vader has been a Jedi once, turned to the dark side of the Force because he could not accept the death of his loved ones—first of his mother, then of his intuition that had foretold the death of his wife, Amidala. During their fight, he tried to convince his son that turning to the dark side was the only way Luke could save his friends. Luke was like his father, reckless in his actions and impatient in his youth. But as he matured, he learned the true path of the Force, with the guidance of Yoda and Obi-Wan. Like his father before him, he, too, was troubled with death and suffering. Yoda, sensing death coming to him, explains to Luke: â€Å"Strong am I with the Force, but not that strong. Twilight is upon me and soon night must fall. That is the way of things, the way of the Force.† Inevitably at Endor, Luke has come to confront his father, not with the intention of fighting him as before, but to convince him to turn back to the good side. His attempts turns out to be futile. He further exhibits his maturity from being reckless and impatient by restraining himself when given the chance to strike at the Emperor. However, the Emperor seduces Luke’s hatred and anger to attack him. Luke is tormented but still restrains himself until finally his rage erupted and attacked the Emperor. Darth Vader responded in defense of his master and Luke ends up fighting with his father. Luke realized that the Emperor was using his rage to turn him to the dark side of the Force. He has defeated Vader, not out of some personal, revenge-driven desire, but in order to protect someone he loves—Vader has treathened Luke’s newly found twin sister Leia. As he looked down on his father with pity and understanding, he realized that he, too, has the potential to turn to the dark side. He threw away his lightsaber in his firm belief that he could still save his father’s soul and save himself from the path of the dark side by not killing Vader. By doing so, he has rejected evil in himself and submits himself to the will of the Force. As Yoda explained to him: â€Å"A jedi’s strenght flows from the Force. But beware. Anger, fear, agression, the dark side are they. Once you start down the dark path forever will it dominate your destiny.† He has faced his own fears and defeated them, evidenced by his reply to the Emperor’s offer to take his father’s place at his side: â€Å"Never. I’ll never turn to the dark side†¦ I am a Jedi, like my father before me.† He has set an example that evil does not come naturally from the troubles that we are faced with, and that being good or evil is a matter of choice.

Unions and human resources essays

Unions and human resources essays After learning briefly about the laws concerning labor unions, I was interested in the events that put these laws in place. I was also curious to discern why the membership in labor unions had dropped so drastically if they were doing their job. I was surprised to discover that while labor unions effectively solve the labor issues by bargaining they are continues to drop. In order to understand the relationship between human resource managers and labor unions, one must know the laws and events that allow unions to exist. The first laws that came into effect that would alter managements dealings with Labor unions came about between the years of 1933 and 1947. Our country was in an economic depression and the widespread strike activity of this fifteen year period resulted in the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935, followed by the passage of the National Labor-Management Relations Act in 1947. The National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, was designed to encourage the growth of trade unions and restrict management interfering with that growth. (Ivancevich 606) The Wagner Act created a three member National Labor Relations Board to ensure the law was enforced. Although this solved some labor issues, ten years later another rash of strikes along with employer opposition to the Wagner Act ensured the passage of the Nati onal Labor-Management Relations Act. This act, also known as the Taft-Hartley Act, created a series of unfair labor practices. It also expanded the National Labor Relations board to five members and outlawed closed shops. Although womens unions were in existence, it would take sixteen years and the publication of The Feminine Mystique to change the consciousness of the country. In 1963, the passage of the Equal Pay Act required that men and women receive equal pay for equal work. Less than a year later the Civil Rights Act of 1964 would solidify the s...

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder

Double-Acting and Single-Acting Baking Powder If youre like me, youre lucky to pay attention to a recipe enough to notice whether youre supposed to be using baking powder or baking soda. Both ingredients cause baked goods to rise, but they are not interchangeable. Also, there is more than one type of baking powder. You can find single-acting baking powder and double-acting baking powder. You may be wondering how they are different or whether you should use half as much double-acting baking powder as single-acting baking powder. What's the Difference? You use the exactly same amount of double-acting baking powder as you would single-acting baking powder. The difference between the two types of powder is their chemical composition and whether they produce the carbon dioxide gas bubbles that make your baked goods rise when the ingredients are mixed or when the product is heated in the oven. Both types of baking powder produce the same amount of gas, so they are equally effective as leavening agents. Single-acting baking powder reacts with a water-based ingredient to form bubbles as soon as the ingredients are mixed. If you wait too long to bake your food or mix it too long these bubbles will escape and your food will fall flat.Double-acting baking powder produces some bubbles when the ingredients are mixed, but most of the rising occurs once heat is applied. This product is more reliable for home baking because it is harder to overbeat the ingredients and the recipe is less susceptible to failure if you forgot to preheat your oven. Because it is practically failsafe, this is the type of baking powder most often found in stores. Youll encounter single-acting baking powder in commercial applications, plus this is the type of powder you would make if you prepare baking powder yourself.

Personal statement for dental school applicaiton

For dental school applicaiton - Personal Statement Example I would usually visualize doing medical services which matters a lot to people, especially those who are in need of treatment and care. Although I was not able to initially pursue a health care degree in college, I was still very much devoted to work with other people by taking up Hospitality and Hotel Management at the University of Central Florida. I believe that this background have strongly enhanced my capacity to understand the needs of other people. I was able to hone my skills in dealing and providing services and care to them by learning more about hospitality management. Soon after, I met my husband who graduated from a dental school in Florida six years ago. He was already an established dentist back then when his passion for dentistry sparked my interest in the field. My husband acquainted me about the dental profession and this enabled me to understand his love for the practice. Through him, my dreams of providing care and treatment to others all came back to me. I was able to observe him perform checkups, root canals, and even cosmetic procedures so dexterously done that I thought he was like an artist with his dental tools. I was so inspired by my husband’s dental profession that I eventually started studying dental hygiene at (name of school) on (year). Because of this, I was able to learn and understand the great importance in oral health care for every individual. Under the shadow of my dentist husband, I learned various practices and modern techniques in dental procedures such as pain reduction, root canal therapy, dental implants, and cosmetic dentistry. I saw the advantages of having my husband around because he helped in learning more about dental procedures. I developed a stronger bond with my husband as we share each other’s experiences in the study and practice of dental care. As a result, I was able to excel in the field of dental hygiene – an achievement which encouraged me to take a bold step by applying for dentistry at

Information Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Security - Assignment Example Conversely, network security refers to any activity that is designed to protect an organizations network. This specifically includes activities protecting usability, integrity, reliability the safety of the network and data. Communication security systems are found to relate to information security in a health care organization in that they aid in protecting the leakage of confidential information pertaining to a healthcare organization’s patients. Network security relates to information security in a healthcare organization as it helps prevent the information contained in a healthcare organization’s network from threats such as spyware and adware, hacker attacks as well as viruses, worms and Trojan horses (Kim and Michael, 96). On networks such as Facebook that require that each account be associated with only one person, a number of approaches can be used to uniquely identify individuals and the necessary data access for this to happen. These validation approaches can either be human assisted or online approaches. In a network such as Facebook a number of approaches can be used including the use of passwords and biometric authentification (Kim and Michael, 147). When choosing passwords users often select things that they will easily remember, this includes options such as the date of birth or age. It may be possible for hackers to easily obtain this information and use it to access the system. On the other hand, the issue of false acceptance on secure biometric system is relatively small. People often create long and complex passwords in a bid to try and maximize security. When entering these passwords, it becomes relatively easy for them to make typing errors causing rejection. On the other hand, biometric systems rarely experience these kinds of errors. The notion of bring your own device has in recent times become a hot topic across the entire

Early Human Evolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Human Evolution - Research Paper Example This particular species is the longest lived and most recognizable of all human ancestors, they lived between, approximately, 3.85 and 2.94 million years ago In fact, the species may have lived for nearly 900,000 years, which makes them a prominent species for 4 times longer than modern man has existed (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History). Australopithecus afarensis was only a 1/3 the size in comparison to modern human’s today. It has characteristics of both human and ape ancestry. They possessed flat noses, thick, protruding lower jaws, a small brain, long curved fingers, and long legs that had adapted to upright walking. By studying their dentition we can learn about the kinds of foods they were adapted to eat and what foods they may have actually been eating. Researchers are confident that Australopithecus afarensis survived on a primarily plant-based diet, consisting mostly of leaves, seeds, roots, and nuts, however they might occasionally consume insects and small vertebrates like lizards. (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History). Australopithecus afarensis represented a unique bridge between the times when human ancestors began to walk upright. They had the ability to both walk bipedally, but also the ability to efficient climb and maneuver in the trees (Choi 1). In 1974 the first nearly intact sk eleton of Australopithecus afarensis was discovered. The female fossils, found in the Hadar region of Ethiopia, were given the name Lucy and she became the quintessential example of human evolution, inspiring a book, â€Å"Lucy: The Origins of Mankind† that introduced the ideas of human evolution to the mass public. (Hirst). Other famous finds have included the â€Å"Dikika,† or child skeleton and the Laetoli find, which included fossils, but, also, the first bipedal footprints ever found. Like human beings today, our most ancient ancestors were highly adaptable to their environments, so

Epidemiology Of Cholera John Snow Health Essay

Epidemiology Of Cholera John Snow Health Essay It has been over a century and a half when John Snow undertook the study of the Cholera epidemic of 1854 in London. His work, which was published in the 1855 book On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, is considered a milestone in epidemiology. The observations by Snow of the water-born transmission of cholera and the handle of the Broad Street pump was a work of genius that continues to inspire epidemiologists. Appearing before the local body of government on September 7, 1854, John Snow argued that the source of the outbreak of a cholera epidemic was water from a communal water pump. His investigation identified the pump at Broad Street near its intersection with Cambridge Street as the source of contaminated water. Cholera which is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, causes significant morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. This paper examines the cholera epidemics (and pandemics) in recent history i ncluding the outbreak of 1854 in London and the role played by John Snow which had laid the foundations for the modern principles of epidemiology. Introduction It has been over a century and a half when John Snow undertook the study of the Cholera epidemic of 1854 in London. His work, which was published in the 1855 book, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera is considered a milestone in epidemiology. The observation by Snow of the water-born transmission of cholera, and the handle of the Broad Street pump was a work of genius that continues to inspire epidemiologists. Appearing before the local body of government on September 7, 1854, John Snow, an anesthetist in London, argued that the source of the outbreak of a cholera epidemic was water from a communal water pump. Working with the data reproduced in table 1 (Bingham et al., 2004), Snow identified the pump at Broad Street near its intersection with Cambridge Street as the source of contaminated water. What followed is best told in his own words: I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St. Jamess parish on the evening of Thursday, 7th September, and represented the above circ umstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day (Snow, 1855). Each year, outbreaks of cholera to cause death estimated at 120,000 worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in children (WHO, 1995). Epidemiology of cholera is characterized by several key principles including (i) Cases tend to be concentrated in specific location and occur during a specific season (ii) the highest infection rates in children of 1-5 years in areas where infection is endemic (iii) antibiotic resistance patterns often change from year to year, (iv) pathogen strain often exhibit clonal diversity, and (v) prevention measures against the disease include sanitation, hygiene and immunity improvement. Cholera has been ranked as one of the emerging and reemerging infections (Satcher, 1995) facing many developing countries. Several recent events highlight the importance of epidemiological disease include the 1991recurrence of cholera in Latin America (Levine, 1991) ( Ries et al., 1992); the 1994 outbreak of cholera which took place in a Rwandan refugee camp in Goma, Zaire, which resulted in approximately 70,000 cases and 12,000 deaths in (Siddique, 1995), and the outbreak of V. cholerae O139 in the India subcontinent from 1992 to 1993, possibly marked the start of the eighth cholera pandemic (Ramamurthy et al., 1993)(Swerdlow et al., 1993). Pathogenesis and transmission of Cholera Vibrio Cholerae are comma-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that have been the cause of several great long-lasting epidemics and pandemics of diarrheal disease. Many of these pandemics began in the Ganges Valley of India and Bangladesh, which is never free from cholera. Although there are 140 serotypes of V. cholera, until recently only 1 stereotype was associated with several diarrhea. Beginning in 1992, a new V.cholerae stereotype (0139, also known as Bengal) has been associated with sever, watery diarrhea (Faruque et al., 1998) The vibrios never invade the epithelium but instead remain within the lumen and secrete an enterotoxin, which is encoded by a virulence phage. Flagellar proteins involved in motility and attachment are necessary for efficient bacterial colonization, as has been described for Campylobacter. The vibrio hemagglutinin, which is a metalloprotease, is important for detachment of Vibrio from epithelial cells. The secretory diarrhea characteristic of the disease is caused by release of cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is composed of five binding peptides B and a catalytic peptide A (McKenzie et al., 1984). The B peptide, serving as a landing pad, bind to carbohydrates on GM1 ganglioside on the surface of epithelial cells of the small intestine, enabling calveolar-mediated endosomal entry of toxin subunit A into the cell (Laloi et al. 1996). Reverse transport of the subunit A from endosome into the cell cytoplasm is followed by cleavage of the disulfide bond linking the two fragments of peptide A (A1 and A2). Catalytic peptide A1 is generated, leading to the following sequence (Dertzbaugh et al., 1993): A1 interacts with 20-kD cytosolic proteins called ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF). The ARF-A1 complex catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of a 49-kD G-protein (called GsÃŽÂ ±) (Randazzo et al., 2000). Binding of NAD and GTP generates an activated GsÃŽÂ ±, which in turn binds to and stimulates adenylate cyclase. ADP-ribosylated GsÃŽÂ ± is permanently in an active GTP-bound state, resulting in persistent activation of adenylate cyclase. The activated adenylate cyclase generates high levels of intracellular cAMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP stimulates secretion of chlorides and bicarbonate, with associated sodium and water secretion. Chloride and sodium reabsorption is also inhibited. The reabsorptive function of the colon is overwhelmed, and liters of dilute rice water diarrhea containing flecks of mucus-up to 14 L/day, equivalent to the circulating blood volume, causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Because overall absorption in the gut remains intact, oral formula can replace the massive sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and fluid losses and reduce the mortality rare from 50% to less than 1% (Sharma et al., 1997) Epidemiology of Cholera Early Pandemics Since the beginning of the first pandemic in 1817, seven cholera pandemics have occurred (Pollitzer,1959), excluding the seventh pandemic, which took place on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in (65), pandemics occurred in the Indian subcontinent in the Ganges delta and spread to other countries over many years (Snow, 1855). In 1830, the epidemiological and public health approaches to cholera developed in the context of some understanding of the nature of certain infectious diseases, including smallpox and syphilis, with little agreed differentiation of the fevers. In his late 18th century doctrine, Benjamin Rush describes there was but one fever in the world (Shryock, 1936) had received broad support. Exciting factor in the cholera epidemic was sometimes considered as shaping existing fevers into its own image, and the arrival of cholera coincided with an increase in mortality and/or transferred deaths between categories was questioned. The second cholera pandemic of the early 1830s invaded the British Isles, and was marked by epidemiological observations made by John Snow on the waterborne cholera transmission in London between 1847 and 1854(Snow, 1855). Ships carrying Irish immigrants caused the second pandemic in Canada (Marian, 1957). During the third pandemic (1852-1859), cholera was raging in the United States, and during the 1870s at the end of the fourth pandemic, towns and villages along the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi, rivers experienced cholera (Billings et al., 1975). The fifth pandemic mainly affected South America; causing large epidemics in several countries with Argentina, Chile, and Peru suffering high casualties. (Gil et al. 2004). Robert Koch isolated the cholera bacterium, known as comma bacilli during the fifth pandemic in feces of patients in Egypt in 1883 and India in 1884(Koch, 1884). Between 1899 and 1923, the sixth pandemic involved populations expanded in the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East (Pollitzer, 1959). Apart from a large epidemic in Egypt in 1947 (Shousha, 1947), cholera was confined to southern and Southeast Asia since the mid-1920s until the 1961 outbreak of the seventh pandemic in. Both the sixth pandemic and possibly the fifth pandemic were caused by V. cholerae of classical biotype. The Seventh Pandemic The seventh pandemic is considered the largest of the pandemic in the geographical distribution, and was caused by V. cholerae O1- biotype El Tor (Table 2). The 1961 pandemic first invaded the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia and spread to other islands, including Borneo, Sarawak Java, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Sabah. It affected the entire archipelago of South Asia at the end of 1962 (Kamal, 1974). , In Asian mainland, from 1963-1969, the pandemic affected Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Burma, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Cholera reached Pakistan shortly after El Tor, and outbreaks were reported in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and in the neighboring republics of the Soviet Union (Kamal 1974). By 1970, El Tor cholera had reached the Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Jordan, and to a lesser degree, in Israel (Cohen et al., 1971). The seventh pandemic was in sub-Saharan West Africa in early 1970, causing explosive epidemics as a result of more than 400 000 cases of high mortality, attributed mainly a lack of background immunity of the population, and lack of healthcare infrastructures (Goodgame et al., 1975). During this epidemic, cholera invaded the coast and the interior through waterways and continued to spread to the interior of the Sahel countries by land to travel to nomadic tribes. During the 1970 cholera epidemic, 28 were newly affected were reported and 16 are in Africa (Kaper et al., 1995). In South America, the seventh pandemic which began in Peru in January 1991 caused a return of cholera to the continent after more than a century in an explosive epidemic (Levine, 1991) (Ries et al., 1992). Subsequently, neighboring Ecuador and Colombia also reported cholera epidemic. In each of these countries were people of low socio-economic status, lack of clean water and sanitation, the most affected (Pan American Health Organization, 1991). In April 1991 a small outbreak was reported in Santiago, the capital of Chile (Levine, 1991). Cholera then invaded more countries in South and Central America along the Pacific coast. The Pan American Health Organization estimated that during 1991 and 1992 there were 750,000 cases of cholera and 6,500 deaths in the Americas (Pan American Health Organization, 1991). Recently, the July 1994 outbreak in Goma, Zaire, (Siddique, 1995), is considered one of the worst outbreaks in recent history. Nearly a million people were displaced to Zaire and sheltered in refugee camps as a result of Conflicts between tribes in neighboring Rwanda. Outbreak of cholera in refugee camps affected by poverty caused an estimated 12,000 deaths among Rwandan refugees during a period of three weeks (Siddique, 1995). The seventh pandemic was active causing seasonal outbreaks in several developing countries. However, in 1992, V. cholerae belonging to serogroup non-O1 (now known as O139) caused massive epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh and India and spread to other countries, which could represent the beginning of the eighth pandemic Conclusion John Snow achievement was based on the logical organization of his remarks. He recognized a natural experiment, and its quantitative approach to the analysis of the occurrence of disease in human populations, which is actually a summary of the views of modern epidemiology. It has been over a century and a half since Dr. Snow had published his findings. And in spite the medical and epidemiological advancement in combating the disease, yet, the threat of cholera remains very real and cholera continues to be a global threat to public health and an important indicator of the lack of social development, especially in developing countries which suffer from lack of access to drinking water and lack of sanitation. The disease continues to challenge the increasing proportion of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions, such as slums and refugee camps. The treatment centers and water purification units in poor nations are only interim measures, and steady decline in the spread of the illness should not be seen as a complete victory.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cloning For many years, the cloning of adults, animals or humans has been mostly the object of science fiction, something unforeseen by man. However, â€Å"The world was shocked in February of 1997 when British scientist, named Ian Wilmot announced that his research team successfully cloned lamb named dolly from an adult sheep at the Roselyn Institute in Scotland†.(1) For what seemed like a dream for many years quickly turned into reality. The newest and possibly the most controversial phenomena in curing human disease, a phenomenon better known as cloning, was born. Through out the history of man, human disease has been considered a leading cause of death. Since antiquity, physicians explored assorted remedies in order to cure various maladies. Ancient physicians made enormous contributions to modern medicine. Even though, immaculate progress has been made in modern medicine, there are numerous cases of fatal diseases, for which modern medicine has no cure. Granted today’s technological advancements, general practitioners are still using several of the ancient techniques and ideas in order to make progress in today’s research and development. Scientists observe historical data and ideas in order to help generate new ones. A well known belief to man, the belief of reincarnation came from the ancient Egyptians who believed that there was life after death and preserved the body of their rulers through a process of mummification. This is a process of preservation that kept the original body and shape of the ruler for his/her return to earth. Although, this may seem a bit anomalous to the western man, contemporary technology brings this the idea of reincarnation or recreation to life, creating new ways to fight disease. Modern science takes the idea of human life and it’s regeneration and brings it to life through the process of cloning. In 1938 a German scientist Hans Spemann proposes a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a nucleus, the basic method that would eventually be used in cloning. Fourteen years later in 1952 Briggs and King clone tadpoles. Another scientist John Gurdon clones frogs from differentiated cells in 1962. In 1969 Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the first gene. By 1973 Cohen and Boyer create first recombinant DNA organisms. 1978, the release of David Rorvik's book, In His Image: The Cloning of a... ...reproductivecloning.net/hosting/waite/#1: 5) CNN.COM February 28, 2002 Posted: 6:24 AM EST (1124 GMT) ACCES DATE APRIL 18 202 C:Documents and SettingsRafaelMy DocumentsCNN_com -Superman star hails cloning move - February 28, 2002.htm 6) http://www.bioexchange.com/news/news_page.cfm?id=11426 Outline Topic/Thesis: The newest and possibly the most controversial phenomena in curing human disease, a phenomenon better known as cloning, was born. 1) Origin of human cloning a) Reincarnation b) From 1938-dolly c) Feb. 1997 Ian Wilmont announces the birth Dolly 2) Pros/cons + Treating disease + Benefit economy + Feed the needy - Violates animal rights - Took 277 attempts to clone Dolly - Expensive 3) Three types of cloning a) Embryo cloning b) Adult DNA cloning c) Therapeutic cloning 4) Recent development a) January 2001-An endangered Asian ox called a gaur dies two days after birth of an ordinary disease after it was cloned and gestated in the womb of a cow.

Human Rights Act 1998 Essay

â€Å"The HRA 1998 provides powerful protection for individuals in many aspects of their lives.† * To what extent is this statement true? Illustrate your answer by reference to areas of law with which you are familiar. Before 1998, the United Kingdom did not have a piece of document that specified the basic rights of the English people. However, in the year 1950, the United Kingdom Government signed the European Convention on Human Rights, to protect people’s rights from abuses seen under Hitler’s rule, following the Universal Declaration on Human Rights made by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. Even so, the European Convention on Human Rights had not ratified and incorporated itself into law until 1998 when Parliament enacted the Human Rights Act. The Human Rights Act 1998 states that when judges are deciding cases in which a question about a Convention right has been brought forward, the court must take into account any judgment, decision, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights. This means that instead of a conflicting decision by the United Kingdom court, the court must follow decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. An example of this was seen in the case of Re Medicaments (No 2), Director General of Fair Trading v Proprietary Association of Great Britain (2001). The Court of Appeal had refused to follow the decision of the Supreme Court in the earlier case of R v Gough on grounds that it was slightly different to decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Some Convention rights involve the right to life and liberty. Article 2 of the Convention states that the law shall protect everyone’s right to life. It also recognizes that Member States have the right to impose the death penalty to those convicted of particular crimes. Article 3, on the other hand, states that no one shall be tortured or suffer inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. Moreover, Article 4 declares that slavery is not allowed. Other examples include Article 5, which sets out that everyone has the right to liberty and that no one shall be deprived of it, except where the law allows arrest. In its subsection, the article provides that ‘everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be speedily decided by a court’. The Convention rights that cover a person’s right to a fair trial are Article 6 and Article 7. The former states that people have the right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time, for both civil and criminal cases. A case that conflicted this Article was the Sander v United Kingdom (2000) case whereby the European Court of Human Rights ruled that a defendant had not a fair trial because a juror was making racist remarks. Article 7, however, states that no one shall be found guilty of a criminal offence if his act was not a crime at the time it was committed. This means that the law may be changed to make acts of the type prohibited criminal offences in future. Nevertheless, it cannot look back to acts that have already been committed and declare them criminal offences. On rights to privacy, Article 8 states that every person has a right to respect his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. Articles 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14, alternatively, provide rights to other freedoms. For example, Article 9 states that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Article 10 states that everyone has the right to freedom of expression in the form of words. Article 11 states that people have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and the freedom to associate with others. Article 12 states that everyone has the right to marry, whereas Article 14 states that all rights and freedom should exist without any discrimination on any ground. The archetypes would be sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, national minority, property, birth or status. However, despite the fact that courts have to read legislation and give it effect in a way which is synchronized with the rights in the European Convention of Human Rights, the Human Rights Act 1998 recognizes that some legislation may be worded in a way that makes it impossible to give effect to the Convention. In such a case, the court has to apply the legislation as it stands but may make a declaration of its incompatibility with the Convention. This was the case in H v Mental Health Review Tribunal (2001) in which it concerned the fact that the burden of proof was on a patient applying for release instead of being on State to justify the continuing the detention of a patient. It was a breach of Article 5 because it involved the liberty of a person. However, the domestic law was incompatible with the Convention. Therefore, the court could not give it effect. It could only declare its incompatibility. Usually, after a declaration of incompatibility is done, the Government will change the law. However, it is unnecessary for the Government to do so. In actuality, if Parliament wishes, it can pass new legislation which conflicts the Convention. This is done by replacing the incompatible Act with a new Act of Parliament. If only a small part is incompatible, a remedial order may be done. This order acts as a statutory instrument, which amends the incompatible provision in order to comply with Convention rights. Such an example would be in the case of A and another v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004) The Supreme Court had declared that the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was incompatible with the Convention. The Act allowed foreign nationals to be detained without trial indefinitely, where there was suspicion of their involvement in terrorist activity. The Court held that this breached both Article 5, which states the right to liberty, and Article 14, which states that there should be no discrimination on basis of nationality. This forced the Government to change the law and release the detained foreigners, however on strict conditions. The reality of this is that while the Human Rights Act 1998 does indeed protect individuals, its power is fickle and can be overridden at any time. For example, for the Bill of Rights to be entrenched, a requirement of 75% or three quarters majority is needed. However, in the case of the Human Rights Act 1998, only a simple majority of 51 votes is required for the law to be amended or abolished.

Causes of homelessness Essay

This essay will focus on two causes of homelessness, financial problems and family issues and illustrate some effects. In the first place, one of the main reasons that people become homeless is financial problems. As a result their physical condition will be very vulnerable. The personal bankruptcy causes their house to be repossessed, forcing them leave home and sleep anywhere they can find. No permanent house to live, no shelter, no bed, leaving them with a poor and unpredictable life. It will be a great danger especially in winter when many homeless people can sometimes freeze to death. Another thing that can affect homeless people’s health is lack of food. Their financial problems mean that they only have little money to live on. They do not even have enough money to buy basic food, not to mention high quality nutritious food. Only the cheapest food can be afforded which usually has very low nutrition and is bad quality. According to the scientific research we know long term insufficient intake of nutritious food can cause people to have a low immune system which makes them vulnerable to disease and that can lead them to another serious problem which is they do not have enough money to see doctor. Due to the financial problem they have to ignore the disease no matter how badly they are suffering. This kind behavior can cause many serious consequences because without medical care even a disease like a cold can be deadly. Although financial difficulty is a common reason for homelessness and has a serious influence on their physical health, family issues, like divorce or domestic violence, is also a significant factor that can lead to homelessness, especially among adolescents. Because teenagers have not developed maturity, in this period they need their parents’ company and guidance to develop psychological health like self-esteem, but homelessness forces them to go out into society when their m ental state is still very fragile. Since human beings have evolved into intelligent and emotional beings, self-esteem has always played a very important role in sustaining people’s mental health. Because homeless people’s living condition is very poor, they always look sloppy and that causes other people to be unwilling to talk to them. As a result the homeless people feel alienated by other people and feel no one cares about them anymore. At first they may become very angry, then they fell frustrated, and finally they quit on themselves and cannot feel their value to this society hence they start to see themselves as a burden to the  society. In this process their self-esteem becomes lower and lower and finally they may suffer severe mental damage.